Sparse arrays
A sensor array grown from a small generator, its sensors written as digits in a base: its difference coarray has no holes. Knock out a sensor and watch a hole open; from the second level on at base 2a + 1, exactly the sensors whose digits are all paired open one, so the fragility is (u/L)^r, and the page counts it.

Read: Sparse arrays, The Exact Fragility of Fractal Sparse Arrays.